In this paper, BUBBLE FORMATION process has been studied numerically by entering air into a submerged orifice placed in a cylinder. The SOLA-VOF method was used to simulate the BUBBLE FORMATION. In This code, complete form of Navier-stocks equations was predicted two dimension and using finite difference method. Also in this study, the effect of air flow rate on the BUBBLE size and its FORMATION time at very low rates was studied.

Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) has been employed to determine pseudo-turbulence characteristics of the flow field around BUBBLE train forming in non-Newtonian caboxymethylcellulose (CMC) aqueous solution at low gas flow rate condition. The Reynolds stress and turbulent intensity of the liquid were investigated by means of Reynolds time-averaged method. The experimental results show that axial Reynolds stress rises greatly and then fluctuates slightly with the vertical height, whereas displays symmetrical Gaussian distribution in the horizontal direction; Radial Reynolds stress changes nonobviously in the vertical direction, but increases followed by a decrease in the horizontal direction. The axial turbulent intensity begins to wave to some degree with the height for near vertical axis passing through orifice center, but maintains constant within BUBBLE channel in the horizontal direction; Radial turbulent intensity gets down with the vertical height, compared with the opposite trend of its variation with the horizontal distance.

Analyzing the FORMATION of BUBBLE prices in stock market is the most important macro subjects in recent years. Due to this, in this paper we use a DSGE model (developed by Castelnuovo and Nisticò, , 2010) in order to study BUBBLEs in stock market price index. Because the price BUBBLE is a non-fundamental factor, using the approach of separating fundamental from non-fundamental factors is a good way to evaluate the FORMATION of the BUBBLE in the stock market. Accordingly, in this paper, the variables of changes in inflation, production and stock price are divided into fundamental and non-fundamental factors and then investigated the effect of nonfundamental shocks on macro variables such as stock price and stock price BUBBLE FORMATION. By calibrating the model, the results show that non-fundamental factors hidden in inflation, production and stock prices cause the FORMATION of BUBBLEs in the stock market. Also, among the above factors, non-fundamental inflation factors are the most important factor in the FORMATION of the stock price BUBBLE, and then fluctuations in the production sector and the stock price itself. The results show the stability in the stock market and avoiding the FORMATION of BUBBLEs in the stock price index mainly depends on controlling inflation rate and general prices level.

Digital Image Analysis (DIA) has been employed to characterize the time evolution of a BUBBLE injected from a single orifice into a pseudo 2-dimensional gas-solid fluidized bed. The injected BUBBLE diameter increased with the square root of time before detachment. During BUBBLE free flight in the bed, its diameter remains approximately constant. The center of mass of the BUBBLE increases with the second power of the time. The results show that the classical models for BUBBLE injection can predict the time evolution of BUBBLE diameter, and its center of mass. BUBBLE tends to elongate during injection and after detachment its height to width aspect ratio decreases. Image analyzing results were also used for the study of gas leakage from the BUBBLE to emulsion phase, and it has been shown that the dense phase expands up to 1.04 times the minimum fluidization condition for large BUBBLEs. The expansion ratio of the dense phase increases linearly with BUBBLE diameter.